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期刊目錄
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■第六十七期栍93年3月出刊
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國高中生網路資訊尋求行為影響因素之研究 陳雪菱、梁朝雲
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大學生網路使用習性與網路使用意向上的性別差異 朱麗麗
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網路專題學習社群上公共、專題與專家討論分享之比較
張基成
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國小自然網路合作學習STS專題行動研究──以「科學與生活」為例
蔡秉恆
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應用概念圖發展課程管理系統之研究 周雲虎、謝尚賢、徐新逸
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利用Geometer's Sketchpad 電腦軟體設計動態視覺情境化線型函數學習之活動 謝哲仁、涂世曜
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■第六十八期栍93年6月出刊
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• 教育類網站評鑑規準建構之研究
• 高等教育機構教師參與數位學習發展的障礙因素、誘因與獎勵機制：文 獻回顧與評析
• 網路成癮現象之實證研究
• 線上遊戲式學習系統之設計與評估
• 中小學資訊組長在資訊教育扮演角色之探討
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網頁小組討論之小老師鷹架輔助對小組互動品質的促進效果研究
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■第六十九期栍93年9月出刊
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• 應用概念圖於網路教學系統之學習成效診斷
．將傳統遊戲的玩性因素導入電子遊戲之設計：一個遊戲心理學的基礎研究
• 網路虛擬恐龍教育館的建置方法研究
• 師資生資訊素養自評結果之評析
• 「農業產銷班經營管理系統推廣暨培訓計畫」之「種子講師班」訓練績 效考評
• 數位學習專業人力培訓規劃之研究 |
■第七十期栍93年12月出刊
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• 行動學習之定義與要素
• 校外教學與科學博物館
• 符合 SCORM 適性化教材設計初探—以高職「布林函數」課程為例
• 以 XOOPS 架構網路教學網站之設計與評析
• 建構輔助志工督導電子績效支援系統之研究— 以臺北市政府社會
． 信義社會福利服務中心為例 互動體感遊戲設計與應用— 以國小學
童為例 |
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第六十七期 (民國93年3月出刊)
標題：國高中生網路資訊尋求行為影響因素之研究
Title: A Study on the
Factors that Affect the Internet Information Search
Activities of Junior and Senior High School Students
作者：陳雪菱Chen, Hsueh-Lin（PChome
ONLINE商品管理師）
梁朝雲Liang,
Chaoyun Chaucer（元智大學資訊傳播學系教授）
摘要：
隨著網路使用者的增加，探討網路上的資訊尋求行為將更顯重要。網際網路儼然是人類生活另一個重要的資訊傳播媒介，近年來使用網路尋求資訊的年齡層有逐漸年輕化的趨勢，因此本研究群遂以國高中生作為受調對象。本研究以台北市國高中生為例，著眼於其使用網路尋找「課業學習」和「休閒娛樂」兩類生活資訊，做為研究範圍。本研究係透過資訊需求、任務、知識領域、環境、搜尋系統、搜尋結果與障礙等七點影響因素，來瞭解目前國高中生使用的網路資訊、資訊使用現況與態度，觀察其遭遇障礙尋求的解決方式，以及尋求結果的表現差異。
Abstract:
With
its increase in users, the Internet and online
information searches have become increasingly important.
The Internet has become an important form of media as a
source of information in people's lives. In recent
years, the average age of people going online to search
for information has decreased gradually, showing that
youth are increasingly more inclined to look for
information online. This study examines this phenomenon,
using Taipei City's public junior and senior high school
students as its subjects. The scope of the study is two
major types of online information searches, or
"Coursework and/or Study" and "Leisure and/or
Entertainment." This study examines seven factors that
influence Internet use, information needs, and attitudes
toward the Internet, including information needs, task,
domain, setting, search system, search outcome, and
barriers.
關鍵字：國高中學生、資訊需求、資訊尋求行為
Keywords: Junior high school students, Senior high
school students, Information needs, Internet search
activities
標題：大學生網路使用習性與網路使用意向上的性別差異
Title: Gender
Differences in Male and Female Undergraduate College
Students' Internet Usage Habits and Tendencies
作者：朱麗麗Chu, Li-Li（國立體育學院教育學程中心教授）
摘要：
本研究採用文獻分析及問卷調查法，以探索大學男女兩性在網路使用意向與實際網路行為上的差異。研究對象來自兩所大學院校共105位學生，研究結果發現：大學男女生在網路使用意向上並無顯著差異、每週花較多時間（10-34小時）在使用網路者比平均每天只使用一、兩個小時者擁有更正面的使用意向、在常見的網路行為（瀏覽WWW和使用E-mail）上女生參與的比男生多、男生則比女生有較多元的網路活動、每週上網的時數男生比女生多，且大學生較少從事網路購物。
Abstract:
By
documentary analysis and surveys, this study explores
the gender differences in Internet usage tendencies
among male and female undergraduate college students.
The 105 subjects of this study came from two
institutions of higher learning. The results of the
study are as follows. No obvious gender differences were
observed in Internet usage tendencies between male and
female undergraduate college students. However, the high
Internet usage group, a group who used the Internet
between 10 and 34 hours per week, showed more positive
Internet tendencies than the low Internet usage group, a
group who used the Internet for one or two hours per
week. Female students used Internet (world wide web -
www) and e-mail activities more often than male
students. Male students engaged in more varied
non-Internet network activities than female students.
Male students generally spent more time in networks per
week than their female counterparts. Moreover, few
undergraduates made many online purchases.
關鍵字：性別差異、網路使用習性、網路使用意向
Keywords: Gender differences, Internet usage, Internet
usage tendencies
標題：網路專題學習社群上公共、專題與專家討論分享之比較
Title: Comparing
Public, Project, and Expert Discussion Groups in
Web-Enabled Project-Based Learning (PBL) Communities
作者：張基成Chang,
Chi-Cheng（臺北科技大學技職教育研究所教授）
摘要：
本研究目的旨在比較網路專題導向學習期間學習者於公共討論、專題小組、專家小組三類不同討論區線上討論分享表現的差異。本研究以師資培育中心修習教學媒體課程的15位學生為對象，進行為期七週的網路專題導向學習之個案實證研究。資料蒐集方式為利用網路學習紀錄蒐集登入系統次數、討論次數等資料。研究結果顯示，三類討論區的各種線上討論分享次數（平均每週、平均每組、平均每組每週等）、平均每登入系統一次參與線上討論的次數做比較，皆為公共討論次數最多。專家小組在平均每週線上討論次數、平均每組每週線上討論次數表現上高於專題小組之外，其餘表現專家小組皆低於專題小組。顯示拼圖式合作學習專家小組的組成與線上討論對於學習者有一定的需要。
Abstract:
The
goal of this study is to compare three different types
of web-enabled Project-Based Learning (PBL) discussion
groups (Public, Project, and Expert) for a specific
period of time. This study is an empirical case study on
web-enabled Project-Based Learning (PBL) of seven PBLs
based on a group of 15 students who are taking
Instructional Media courses in a teacher preparation
center. As a data collection method, the study used a
web learning log to determine frequency of logging on,
posting, and replies. The results of the study revealed
that frequency of logging on was highest in the Public
discussion group out of all three types of discussion
groups (based on various calculation criterion of
average times per week, average times per group, average
times per week by group, etc.). Expert groups ranked
higher than Project groups in the categories of
discussion frequency per week and discussion frequency
per week by group. Except for these categories, Expert
groups generally ranked lower in frequency than Project
groups. These results reveal that it is helpful and
important for learners to organize into teams of
individual experts and to share information among
experts during discussion, such as in a Jigsaw
cooperative learning strategy.
關鍵字：專題導向學習、專題學習、網路專題學習、拼圖式合作學習、學習社群、線上討論
Keywords: Project-Based Learning, PBL, Web-Enabled
Learning, PBL, Jigsaw cooperative learning, Learning
communities, Online discussion
標題：國小自然網路合作學習STS專題行動研究──以「科學與生活」為例
Title: An Action
Research on Elementary Students' Learning Natural
Science through Network Cooperative Learning with the
Science-Technology-Society (STS) Approach.
作者：蔡秉恆Tsai, Peng-Hen（高雄市福東國小教師）
摘要：
本研究以行動研究模式與準實驗研究設計，實驗組以網路合作學習STS專題「科學與生活」，控制組進行課堂教室教學，學習內容包含相同的三個教學單元，每單元教學時數均為三週，每週4節共12節，行動研究教學歷程共為九週36節課。研究對象選取高雄市某國小六年級一個班32人為實驗組，另一個班級31人為控制組。研究結果發現：1.網路合作學習妥善運用課程節數，透過小組腦力激盪以及溝通討論，提升個人學習成就；2.各小組網路合作學習的良窳，會影響其學習成就的發展；3.異質性分組中，各小組成員之間的溝通互動若較為熱絡，能提升組員的學習成就。
Abstract:
This
study was conducted under the active research model and
with a quasi-experimental design. The experimental group
took a course called "Science and Life" by means of an
network cooperative learning approach called
"Science-Technology-Society" (STS). The control group
took regular classroom instruction. Each group took the
same three instructional units. Each unit required about
three weeks of learning time and about four classes per
week, or a total of 12 classes per week. The active
research instructional process was a total of 36 classes
over nine weeks. The subjects of the study came from a
sixth grade class in a school in Kaohsiung City, with
one group of 32 sixth graders as the experimental group,
and 31 students of another group of sixth graders as the
control group. The results of this study are as follows.
1. Proper use of the network cooperative learning
material showed that individual learning achievements
were enhanced by breaking up into smaller working groups
for active problem solving and discussion among the
working group's individual members. 2. The degree of
success of network cooperative learning among the
different working groups affected each working group's
progress and overall learning achievements. 3. If the
members of the different working groups were
interactive, this would affect the learning achievements
of the individual members of the group.
關鍵字：網路合作教學、STS專題、科學與生活
Keywords: Network cooperative learning,
Science-Technology-Society (STS) approach, Science and
life
標題：應用概念圖發展課程管理系統之研究
Title: Developing a
Courseware Management System Using Concept Mapping
Method
作者：周雲虎Chou, Yun-Hur（東南技術學院土木工程系講師）
謝尚賢Hsieh,
Shang-Hsien（台灣大學土木工程系教授）
徐新逸Shyu,
Hsin-Yih（淡江大學教育科技系教授）
摘要：
在目前國內高等教育中，常會出現相同的課程，因任教教師不同，教學流程及範圍皆由教師自定，以致對教學內容、進度及深度，產生相當大差異，如此對學生的學習會有相當之影響。為解決此一問題，本研究的目的為：設計及製作一種課程管理系統，以整合不同老師的教學差異，提供學習者更有效率的課程內容及流程。本研究中使用概念圖作為課程單元組合的方法，並提出一個演算邏輯，以整合不同的教學結構。本研究的主題包含：(1)
課程單元的分析、(2)
學習路徑的分析及評估、(3)
研究如何融合不同的教學單元設計，以整合成為相同的課程內容及流程、(4)
對不同的教學路徑，如何找出最佳的教學流程，以達到適性教學、因材施教的目標。文末本文以一個工程學程課程的「鋼筋混凝土設計學」作為範例，以便說明並測試系統的相關功能。
Abstract:
In the
field of higher education in this country today,
different instructors may teach the same course, but the
instructional content, pace, and depth may vary because
each teacher designs his or her own course structure.
These variations may result in quite different levels of
performance among students. In order to remedy this
problem, this study is aimed at designing a courseware
management system so as to integrate different teaching
methods, and to provide students with a more effective
course structure, distributing the right amount of
content at the right time. The concept map method is
used as the model for the organization of course units.
This study also proposes a new method to integrate
different course structures based on Goldsmith's
closeness index. This study had four objectives: (1)
analyzing the course units, (2) analyzing and assessing
different learning paths, (3) examining how to integrate
different course units from different teaching plans i
nto
the same course content and course structure, and (4)
determining the best instructional paths among various
instructional paths to achieve effective instruction and
learning. This study takes a civil engineering course
(i.e., Reinforced Concrete Design) as its example,
analyzing this course by explaining its structure and
major concepts, and provides testing and related
functions.
關鍵字：概念圖、課程單元、學習路徑、適性教學、鋼筋混凝土設計
Keywords: Concept maps, Course units, Learning paths,
Effective instruction, Courseware management system,
Reinforced concrete design
標題：利用Geometer's
Sketchpad 電腦軟體設計動態視覺情境化線型函數學習之活動
Title: Using
Geometer's Sketchpad Computer Software to Design Dynamic
Visually-Situated Activities in Order to Learn Linear
Functions
作者：謝哲仁Hsieh, Che-Jen（美和技術學院財政稅務系副教授）
涂世曜Tu,
Shi-Yiu（三民家商餐飲科數學教師）
摘要：
本文融入學習認知理論，利用電子幾何板（Geometer's
Sketchpad）設計學生藉由滑鼠就可直接操控的線型動態函數學習活動。學生在此環境可以手動或自動的紀錄和留下想要觀察的數值，經由重覆的實驗和觀察，學生可以生成變數再對變數的關係予以代數式表示。
Abstract:
In
this study, the authors integrate cognitive theories
into the Geometer's Sketchpad computer software to
design dynamic activities for students to learn the
mathematical concepts of linear functions with the help
of the computer mouse. In this computer-assisted
environment, the students can record, collect, and
observe numerical data manually or automatically. After
repeated experiments and observation, the students are
expected to generate the algebraic relationships of two
variables.
關鍵字：數學教育、電腦輔助學習
Keywords : Mathematics education, Computer-assisted
learning
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第六十八期 (民國93年6月出刊)
教育類網站評鑑規準建構之研究
Construction of Evaluation Criteria for Educational Websites
羅綸新 Laurence Lwo
摘要
在網際網路發達、網站數量急速成長、網頁資料充斥的時代裡，為能鼓勵優良教育類網站的設立，強化網路資源應用的效果。此研究之目的在於建構一套教育類網站評鑑的規準，提供各級學校教師資訊融入教學及圖書館讀者網路資源應用之依循或參考。本研究先以文獻蒐集的方式整理出一套評鑑的規準，接著經由四十二位國內的網路及電腦輔助教學專家加以評選後，擬定了八個層面四十項細目之網站評鑑規準。最後再以台灣北部六所大學之大學部及研究生為對象，進行各項規準之重要性問卷調查，其有效問卷回收五百一十七份。
研究發現評鑑多媒體教育類網站的規準可分為八個層面來進行，這八個層面包括：「吸引性」、「內容合適正確性」、「互動方式與型態」、「媒體品質與融合性」、「傳輸品質」、「學習適應性」、「適當的學習輔助工具」、「內建智慧」等。在每一個層面下再細分出五個細目，因此獲致四十項可運用來評鑑多媒體教育類網站之規準。透過大學生之問卷調查分析，此八個層面中，「傳輸品質」是大學生認定為最重要之層面，其次是「吸引性」與「內容合適與正確性」。而四十項細目中，大學生最重視的為「資料呈現或下載時間不會太長」和「容易查詢與連線，且不會中斷或出現錯誤訊息」，而最不重視的是「統計或計算上網人次」。
本研究除了完成建構一套我國教育類網站的評鑑規準及將各規準的重要性加以排序外，並針對大學生使用網路情形進行了解及提出建議，冀望提供從事教育網站設立的教師或相關人員作為參考，來強化國內多媒體教育網站的品質，提昇各級學校教師及教育相關機構應用網路資源之意願及使用功效之提升。
關鍵字：網際網路、網站、評鑑規準
Abstract
In an age where Internet resources, in particular, web-based resources, continue to proliferate at an astonishing rate, it is necessary to develop evaluation criteria in order to encourage the establishment of excellent educational websites to promote the usage of these websites. The purpose of this study is to construct a set of evaluation criteria for educational websites that is designed for classroom and library use. First, the researcher selected 40 literacy items. Second, the study surveyed 41 experts to construct face validity. Third, the researcher conducted another surveyed to understand the importance of each item. The study's subjects included 518 students from six universities, of whom 517 students returned the questionnaire.
The study found that the evaluation criteria could be categorized into eight aspects: (1) Attractiveness, (2) Correctness, (3) Interaction, (4) Multimedia, (5) Communication, (6) Adaptation, (7) Learning-aids, (8) Embedded intelligence. Each of these eight categories had five sub-items. As a result, the researcher obtained data concerning a total of 40 items from this study. When deciding whether to use the Internet as a learning resource, university students considered good communication most important out of the items considered, while experts considered accuracy most important item. Moreover, university students felt that time and convenience (in the sense of obtaining information without a long waits and avoiding inherent delays or interruptions) were of critical importance to them when deciding whether to use the Internet as a learning resource.
This study has established a set of evaluation criteria that is appropriate for Taiwan's educational environment. Because teachers can sort this set of criteria by importance, the criteria can serve as an excellent guide for teachers who want to incorporate web resources as part of their classroom activities. In addition, these criteria also serve as an excellent tool for those who wish to design educational websites and for those who want to post criteria on the library bulletins.
Keywords : Internet, Websites, Evaluation criteria
高等教育機構教師參與數位學習發展的障礙因素、誘因與獎勵機制：文獻回顧與評析
A Critical Review of the Barriers, Incentives, and Rewards, for Faculty Participation in Development of e-Learning Programs in Institutions of Higher Learning
陳姚真 Yau-Jane Chen
摘要
數位學習的軟硬體研發與教材內容設計有賴大學校院教師的積極投入與參與。但從事網路教學、課程設計、教材開發與製作等工作需要高度專業素養，也需要花費冗長的時間與鉅大的心力，而成果卻少獲肯定，獎勵機制亦較缺乏，因此無法吸引教師投入。本文旨在對「大學校院教師參與數位學習發展的障礙因素、誘因、獎勵機制」的相關文獻進行歸納與評析，以作為未來實證研究的基礎與政策制訂及實務推動的參考。主要的探討議題包括：教師參與數位學習發展的理論基礎；阻礙教師從事數位學習發展的影響因素；引發教師投入數位學習發展的動機與誘因；吸引教師參與數位學習發展的獎勵機制。
關鍵字：數位學習、教師參與、遠距教育、障礙、誘因、獎勵機制
Abstract
Many professors from various schools these days are devoting significant amounts of time and effort into research and development of an e-learning environment and designing e-learning materials and content. However, program planning, class design, and materials development for e-learning projects takes a great deal of time, money, effort, and patience, in addition to specialized training. Moreover, the results might not receive much credit (promotion or tenure), as the academic benefit and rewards support system concerning e-learning development is inadequate. For these reasons, few professors have much desire to devote their time and efforts to such a difficult and unattractive challenge.
This study, therefore, collects and analyzes related literature concerning barriers, incentives, and reward system for faculty participation in development of e-learning programs in institutions of higher learning, such that this study can act as a basis for future empirical study, and as a reference for future implementation, while providing schools with ideas for creating good policy with respect to fostering the development of e-learning programs. Specifically, this Article discusses the following: basic theories behind e-learning development and faculty participation (including the benefits, rewards, personal motivations, and the overall academic support system, as well as the obstacles, that affect faculty determination in whether to participate in e-learning development).
Keyword: E-learning, Faculty participation, Distance education, Barriers, Incentives, Rewards
網路成癮現象之實證研究
An Empirical Analysis on Internet Addiction for Colleges Students
陳金英 Jin-Ying Chen
摘要
本研究針對網際網路使用而形成心理依賴之潛在上網成癮族群，探討與一般使用網路者在社交自尊感受、與他人互動焦慮感、以及情感與社交孤寂感等方面的差異。研究樣本來自一般公私立高教體系、師範體系與技職體系等共六所大學， 1023 位學生，並以五份量表作為研究測試工具。研究結果發現，大學生潛在網路成癮者，約佔一般網路使用人口群之 4.5 ％，且無顯著性別差異。依學院類別劃分，以理工 / 電機資訊學院及農學院網路成癮比例為最高；依使用狀況劃分，網路成癮者有規律性上網習慣，每次上網持續時間四小時以上者比例為最多，且每週上網總時數越多網路成癮行為傾向越顯著。研究並且發現，網路成癮者社交自尊感較低，社交焦慮感及社交孤寂感則有普遍偏高的現象。
關鍵字：大學生、網際網路、成癮、人際關係
Abstract
This research investigates Internet usage and its relationship with Internet addiction. A group of 1023 students from six different universities (including public and private institutions of higher learning, teacher's colleges, and technical colleges, etc.) were the sample group for this research. The researcher used a self-developed questionnaire with various measurements of social loneliness, isolation, anxiousness, and a scale of symptoms concerning Internet dependency to collect the data for this study. The results of the study show that 4.5 percent of college students are Internet addicts. The researcher did not find gender differences in this study. By school, Internet addictive behavior was highest in the schools of science, engineering, electrical engineering, and information technology, as well as agriculture. By nature of Internet use, Internet addicts had regular habits of going online, and would usually stay online for periods of over four hours at a time, and Internet addiction was most prominent among those students who spent the most time online every week. The findings of the study suggest that increased levels of personal Internet use are closely associated with socially lonely, isolated, and anxious individuals.
Keyword: University students, Internet, Internet addiction, Interpersonal relationships.
線上遊戲式學習系統之設計與評估
The Design and Evaluation of Online Game-Based Learning Systems
游光昭 Kuang-Chao Yu
蕭顯勝 Hsien-Sheng Hsiao
洪國勳 Kuo-Hsun Hung
蔡福興 Fu-Hsing Tsai
摘要
遊戲是人類成長過程中不可或缺的一部份，它能引發參與者的動機，亦是構成孩童認知與社會發展的重要部分，許多實證研究指出以電腦遊戲作為教學工具會有正面的學習成效，近來隨著科技的進步，電腦遊戲已從單機版演變成多人線上遊戲。本文提出一個線上遊戲式學習系統，配合生活科技內容作為學習與遊戲的主題，以期能引起學習者的學習動機，使其能在寓教於樂的過程中學習有關科技的知識。系統初步評估的結果顯示學習者對此系統有正向的學習動機與意願。
關鍵字：線上遊戲、網路學習
Abstract
Game is an essential part of human life. Game can stimulate players' desire to learn new things, and it can also be an important part of children's cognitive and social development. Some studies show the positive learning effects of using computer games as instructional tools. With rapid developments in technology in recent years, computer games have evolved from simple one-machine games into huge multiplayer online games. This paper describes the design and evaluation process of an online game-based learning system, used for junior high students in their class "Living Technology." The results of the preliminary evaluation of this study showed that the online game-based learning system had a positive effect on learners' motivation and desire to learn more about technology.
Keywords : Online game, Online learning
中小學資訊組長在資訊教育扮演角色之探討
A Preliminary Study of the Role of Technology Coordinators in the Support of Information Technology Education in Elementary and Middle Schools
劉守喬 Liou, Shou-Chiao
彭心儀 Peng, Hsinyi
周 倩 Chou, Chien
摘要
資訊教育（ IT in Education ）已成世界各國爭相列為教育改革與發展的重點，使得資訊設備在近幾年不斷地進駐中小學教育，並帶來許多教學型態與行政方式的改變，中小學資訊組長在這一波資訊教育熱潮中，扮演著極為舉足輕重的角色。因此本研究旨在探討中小學資訊組長的工作內容與問題，以及資訊組長在資訊教育中，應扮演的角色層級；最後說明資訊組長與資訊教育的關係，並提出調整資訊組長角色之建議，作為學校推動資訊教育之參考。
關鍵字：資訊組長，中小學資訊教育，資訊科技融入教學
Abstract
Information Technology in Education is receiving a great deal of attention in countries around the world, as a way to reform the national educational system and improve each nation's global competitiveness. In recent years, IT equipment is entering into and taking its place in elementary and middle school classrooms in many countries. IT education has required significant changes in teaching methods and the administrative matters. Many elementary and middle schools have created a new and popular role, the technology coordinator (TC) to help out with IT education, and technology coordinators have the potential to play a very decisive role in the students' IT education. However, the role of the technology coordinator is too often overlooked or given only superficial attention.
The first purpose of this study is to discuss and define the crucial role and problems facing the technology coordinator, and discuss, based on the different roles played by the technology coordinator, the responsibilities of the technology coordinator. The next purpose is to examine the relationship between the technology coordinator and information technology education, then, to offer practical recommendations for ways to restructure the role of the technology coordinator, that the schools can use as a valuable reference.
Keywords : Technology coordinator, Information technology education in elementary schools and middle schools, Integration of information and technology into education
網頁小組討論之小老師鷹架輔助對小組互動品質的促進效果研究
Enhanging Group Interaction Quality by Skillful Peer Scaffolding in Online Small Group Discussion
高台茜 Michelle Tai-Chien Kao
摘要
本研究企圖藉由較高層次的學習者在網頁討論區提供辭語式的文字鷹架，輔助較低層次的學習者，探究在網頁非同步小組討論中，教師或較高能力的學習者可以扮演的輔助催化角色，和可以發揮促進互動品質的鷹架功能。本研究詳實記錄並分析整個網頁小組討論互動學習的過程與成效，描繪出適合於網頁小組討論的師生互動藍圖。成果可為有心發展網頁教學的老師在教學設計和管理上提供範例與建議。
關鍵字：小老師鷹架輔助、網頁小組討論、互動行為
Abstract
This study seeks to arrange higher-level learners to support lower-level learners by providing text-based verbal scaffolding in online discussion groups. Scaffolding is an instructional technique whereby the teacher models the desired learning strategy or task, then gradually shifts responsibility to the students. The purpose is to investigate the effective role for promoting learning which a teacher or a more skillful learner can play in non-simultaneous online discussion group discussions, and what scaffolding techniques they can use to improve the interactive nature of the group discussions. The study recorded and analyzed the entire interactive learning process and the performance of these small group discussions, to sketch out a blueprint of the teacher-student-interaction in online discussion group discussions. The results of the study provide examples and suggestions concerning instructional design and management for instructors who intend to develop courses for the Internet.
Keywords: Scaffolding by skillful learners, Online small group discussion, Interactive behavior
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第六十九期 (民國93年9月出刊) |
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應用概念圖於網路教學系統之學習成效診斷
A Diagnosis Tactic for Applying Concept Map to Construct E-Learning Website
＊＊ 王肇邦 Wang, Chao-Ban
＊＊＊ 許有真 Hsu, Yu-Chen
摘要
學習成效的診斷與評估是教學過程中的重要活動，網路教學有其便利性，然而其未能廣泛被接受的原因之一，在於無法詳細診斷學習的成效。當教師無法瞭解診斷學生的學習困難，即無法得到足夠的「回饋資訊」來反應學生的學習狀況時，便會對網路教學環境產生不安或不信任感，因此診斷造成學習者學習障礙之根本原因，將是改善網路教學環境的重點之一。理想的網路教學系統，應當能夠針對不同的學習者提供個人化的內容深度與學習順序。本研究利用概念圖做為教學系統的骨架，在設計過程中以概念圖中的命題為教材主體，建立不同深度的教材。此方法不僅能掌握教材的範圍，也能夠清楚的建立各教材單元的進入點及學習者可能的行進路線，使網路教學系統在顧及學習者的程度及背景知識上，能讓學習者得到最佳學習效果。進而利用概念繼承關係，診斷造成學習者學習障礙之原因，以建立後續之補救學習路徑，使網路教學系統能達到適性化教學理想。
關鍵字：概念圖、網路教學、學習成效診斷、適性化教學
Abstract
The evaluation of a student 掇 progress is an important topic in the education, and it is one of the major problems which Web-Based Instruction (WBI) faces today. When an instructor does not understand students?problems or difficulties, he or she may not be able to provide adequate feedback to the students. As a result, students may learn to distrust WBI as a form of education. Therefore, overcoming this problem is a significant point in ensuring the success of WBI.
An ideal form of WBI would be able to tailor instruction based on a student 掇 individual needs and study habits. This study uses concept map as the framework of the web-teaching system. Teaching materials are based on this very concept, creating different teaching materials for different needs. The use of concept maps helps developers acquire adequate teaching materials for the subject, and help students comprehend each point of the lesson, while recognizing or allowing for different study paths.
Students can achieve better results when WBI can account for specific student needs. WBI can diagnose specific problems for each student in order to create a better learning program for the student. Moreover, analysis of student problems enables developers to create better materials for the overall WBI system.
Keywords: Concept maps, Web-based instruction (WBI), Diagnostic tactics, Adapted learning, Instructional systems design, Training
將傳統遊戲的玩性因素導入電子遊戲之設計：一個遊戲心理學的基礎研究
Integrating the Playfulness Factors of Traditional Games into Electronic Games: A Basic Study of Game Psychology
＊＊ 楊斐羽 Yang, Pei-Yu
＊＊＊ 梁朝雲 Liang, Chaucer Chaoyun
摘要
育樂整合已逐漸成為數位學習設計的新趨勢，相對於學習心理學研究的豐沛紮實，遊戲心理學的基礎研究卻乏人問津，本研究即是嘗試補足這塊學術缺憾的初始努力。本研究採用焦點團體訪談方式探討傳統遊戲之玩性因素，並整理出其中較常與較少被應用於電子遊戲設計者，再藉由深度訪談法來探究未來可供擴展方向與整合趨勢。本研究結果發現：傳統和電子遊戲玩性因素之對應關係，與其發展脈絡及遊戲類型有關；較少被應用者係囿於技術、企劃、成本、風險等考量；較常被應用者則多朝向創意組合與技術架構等方向來發展；導入傳統遊戲玩性因素，並融合電子遊戲設計之思考與技術，對於遊戲創意發想和內容多元化有極大的助益。
關鍵字：傳統遊戲、電子遊戲、玩性、遊戲心理學、育樂
Abstract
The integration of education and games is a promising trend for e-learning design. This study is aimed at exploring the 烢 layfulness factors?of traditional games (that is to say, what makes a particular game fun), and identifying which factors are frequently and seldom applied at present. The results indicate that the playfulness factors in traditional games and electronic games are strongly related, apparent in the different types of games available over the years. Seldom-applied factors are difficult to implement for several reasons, including inadequate technology, game planning, and high cost. Developers can enhance frequently-applied factors with more creative combinations and better technological structures. Introducing additional playfulness factors of traditional games into electronic games will benefit game design and game content, allowing developers to predict future trends in game design.
Keywords: Traditional games, Electronic games, Playfulness factors, Game psychology, Edu-tainment.
網路虛擬恐龍教育館的建置方法研究
The Development of Internet Virtual Dinosaur Museum
唐文華 Wernhuar Tarng
劉馨韓 Hsin-Hun Liou
摘要
本論文主要目的，在研究如何使用網路和虛擬實境技術來建立一個網路虛擬恐龍教育館，以供社會大眾和各級學校上網參觀與學習之用。首先我們探討恐龍動態模型的製作方法，再說明虛擬恐龍教育館的場景規劃和設計過程，以及網站的各項功能。網路虛擬恐龍教育館具有高互動性和立體視覺效果，並提供恐龍生態展示區、飼養區、問答區、尋找寶物、網路資源區和線上討論區等功能，可作為中、小學「自然與生活科技」領域的補充教材，對於增進恐龍的認識提供一個另類而有趣的管道。
關鍵字：網際網路、虛擬實境、恐龍教育館
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study how to use the network and virtual reality technology in order to create an online virtual dinosaur museum, providing an educational environment on the Internet. The general public and schools can "visit" this virtual dinosaur museum online to learn about dinosaurs. The author first discusses the method for developing dynamic 3D models of dinosaurs, and then describes the process of designing and developing virtual scenes for the virtual dinosaur museum. The online virtual dinosaur museum provides 3D visual effects and highly interactive interfaces. The online virtual dinosaur museum has the following different sections on its website - an ecological environments section, a dinosaur breeding section, a treasure hunting section, a question and answer (Q&A) section, an online resources section, and a discussion section. Teachers can use this site as a supplementary teaching aid in the class "Nature and Life Technologies." Therefore, this website provides a unique and interesting way to enhance students' knowledge about dinosaurs.
Keywords : Internet, Virtual reality, Dinosaur museum
師資生資訊素養自評結果之評析
Analysis of the Self-Evaluation Concerning Information Literacy Levels of Pre-Service Teachers
＊＊ 羅綸新 Lwo, Laurence
＊＊＊ 胡育如 Hu, Yu- Ju
＊＊＊＊ 胡久樹 Hu, Chiu-Shu
摘要
隨著傳播科技的發展，相對的也帶動了資訊的傳播與交流。資訊素養已經成為一種現代公民在資訊社會中應具備之最基本的知識與能力。本研究的目的為： 1. 調查師資生對資訊素養自我評鑑的結果。 2. 評估師資生的資訊素養並研擬強化師資生資訊素養的方法。本研究以問卷調查法為主，輔以文件分析法。研究對象為修習教育學程並選修「教學媒體與操作」的學生 61 名。研究結果顯示，依美國圖書館協會所提供的五項主要的標準來分析，師資生對第一項標準最有自信，也就是這些師資生覺得較「能決定所須資訊的本質與範圍」，這一標準也可謂為最基礎的資訊素養。其次是第五項標準，師資生覺得較「能了解經濟、法律及社會等環繞在合法、合倫理之資訊與資訊科技的相關議題」。就差異性分析，師資生資訊素養的自評在性別上並無差異，也就是說男性的師資生與女性的師資生在自評資訊素養時，並無顯著的差異。但是在級別上則有顯著差異，資料顯示研究所的師資生（ M=4.09 ）自評高於大學部的師資生（ M=3.76 ）。本研究也對師資生的資訊素養培育提出呼籲，並也進一步建議以問題導向或探索式學習法來培育師資生之資訊素養。
關鍵字：資訊素養、自評、師資生
Abstract
With the advancement of communication technology, information exchange has become convenient in today 掇 society. Information literacy now is recognized as a basic skill for today 掇 information society. The purposes of the study are: (1) to investigate the results of self-evaluation on information literacy of pre-service teachers, and (2) to analyze and develop the pedagogy of information literacy in a teacher education program. This study used questionnaires as the primary basis of the study, and supplemented the study with analysis of related literature in the field. The subjects of this study were 61 students in the course 洍 nstructional Media and Technology.?The questionnaire was modified from the five standards of 洍 nformation Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education ” that was reviewed by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Standards Committee. Students were most confident with Standard 1 (ability to determine the nature and extent of the information needed), and next with Standard 5 (understanding the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information and access, and ethical and legal use of such information). This study revealed no significant gender differences between male and female student teachers in training, but did reveal a significant difference between students?grade level. That is, based on the students evaluation of their own skills, students at the graduate level (M=4.09) claimed to have higher information literacy skills [check this] than the students at the undergraduate level (M=3.76).
This study also indicates that information literacy is becoming an increasingly important component of teacher education, and recommends pedagogical strategies to ensure better information literacy for teachers in training.
Keywords : Information literacy, Self-evaluation, Teachers in training
「農業產銷班經營管理系統推廣暨培訓計畫」之「種子講師班」訓練績效考評
The Training Performance Evaluation of the Farming Management Information System (FMIS) Extension Project
＊＊ 岳修平 Yueh, Hsiu-Ping
＊＊＊ 邱逸欣 Chiu, Yi-Hsin
摘要
本研究以民國 90 年台灣大學農業推廣學系所執行的「農業產銷班經營管理系統推廣暨培訓計畫」之種子講師班為對象，採用 Kirkpatrick 四層次考評模式，分別從「反應」、「學習」、「行為」三個層次考評訓練成效，並透過問卷調查、測驗、觀察及訪談等方式蒐集考評資料。研究結果發現：在「反應層次」方面，多數學員表示受訓後對系統有清楚概念，操作上感到更加容易，並願意推廣系統給其他農民，同時對於該訓練之課程規劃以及助教群的設計給予高度肯定。在「學習層次」方面，約八成左右的學員學會系統操作技能，同時在電腦使用能力與使用意願方面皆有所提升；而在「行為層次」方面，該計畫所特別培訓之種子講師更具備系統示範與教學能力，不僅學後可獨立操作系統，也能夠在課堂上利用電腦教導其他學員使用系統。本研究最後也針對未來舉辦相關訓練之規劃實施與考評等方面提出具體建議，以供相關單位人員參考。
關鍵字：訓練考評、農民資訊教育、農民訓練
Abstract
This research adopts Kirkpatrick 掇 four-level evaluation model to assess the effectiveness of the Farming Management Information System (FMIS) Extension Project. Based on surveys, performance tests, observations, and face-to-face interviews, the findings of this study are as follows: (1) Reactions: Most trainees indicated that following training, they could understand FMIS more clearly, could use FMIS more easily, and were willing to introduce FMIS to other farmers, and placed a high value on the training program planning and teaching assistants. (2) Learning: Over 80% of the trainees were able to use FMIS with ease, increasing their willingness to use other computer applications. (3) Behavior: After training, farmers could use FMIS independently, and could teach it in the training class. In conclusion, the study also proposes suggestions for future training, implementation, and evaluation.
Keywords : Training evaluation, Computer training, Farmer training.
數位學習專業人力培訓規劃之研究
Planning Training Programs for E-Learning Professionals
＊＊ 計惠卿 Jih, Hueyching Janice
＊＊＊ 鐘乾癸 Chung, Chyan-Goei
摘要
全民知能之提昇乃是社會的資材基石，以數位學習來提高知識工作者的生產力是已開發國家的優先經建課題。面對此二十一世紀的智價競爭，台灣數位學習界亦亟需積極培育優質的專業人力，方能眾志成城地在此智價革命中先馳得點，掌握致勝先機。本規劃研究之目的有二：一為建立台灣數位學習之教學系統發展 ADDIE 模式，另一為針對數位訓練規劃師，數位教學設計師與數位媒體設計師等數位學習軟體研發之專業人力，規劃專業角色與能力內涵及培訓課程內涵與實施方式。本研究藉由文獻分析、焦點團體及專家座談等方法，蒐集台灣產官學研各界對數位學習人才培訓的意見，並將充分的且多元的資料作綜整分析，以作為我國資訊軟體人才技術規範之參照使用。本文詳述各研究發現，並以數位訓練規劃師（ e-Training Planner ），數位教學設計師（ e-Instructional Designer ）與數位媒體設計師（ e-Multimedia Developer ）所需之能力指標與培訓課程規劃作為結論。
關鍵字：數位學習，數位訓練規劃師，數位教學設計師，數位媒體設計師，教學系統設計，培訓課程
Abstract
Productivity and human resource development are increasingly important for countries to gain a competitive advantage in today 掇 knowledge-based economy. Many countries around the world have turned to e-learning to stimulate productivity. As such, training qualified people with strong digital technology skills to create e-learning opportunities is crucial. The main purposes of this article are two folds. First is to develop competency-based criteria for e-learning professionals. Second is to design a training course based upon the criteria. This article discusses the past studies in this field, indicates the methods and findings of this study, and provides valuable suggestions for higher educators, policy makers, as well as concerned e-learning practitioners.
Keywords : E-learning, E-training planner, E-instructional designer, Multimedia developer, Instructional systems design, Training |
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第七十期 (民國93年12月出刊) |
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行動學習之定義與要素
Mobile Learning Re-visited: Definition and the Essential Components
＊＊ 蘇怡如 Su, Yi- Ju
＊＊＊ 彭心儀 Peng, Hsinyi
＊＊＊ ＊ 周 倩 Chou, Chien
摘要
隨著行動科技的發展，行動學習（ mobile learning, or m-learning ）的議題在國內外逐漸受到矚目；然而，過去的研究對於行動學習的定義、內涵與範圍，以及 m-learning 與 e-learning 之間的關係未有較深入的探討；又，現今的研究仍多侷限於微觀或科技層面的建置過程，施教者不易從中自行建構一完整的行動學習概念。本研究試圖重新探索行動學習的定義、突顯其定位與特色；並以巨觀及全面的態度檢視行動學習的應然要素，以作為實踐行動學習的指引方針。
關鍵字：行動學習、數位學習、建構主義、終身學習
Abstract
Mobile learning, or m-learning, has become the hottest emerging technology. A number of studies have been implemented into various mobile-learning environments worldwide. The purposes of this article are (a) to re-define mobile learning; (b) to differentiate m-learning from e-learning; and (c) to propose essential components of mobile learning. Suggestions for implementation and future research are also provided.
Keywords : Mobile learning, M-learning, E-learning Constructivism, Life-long learning
校外教學與科學博物館
The Instructional Function of Field Trips to Science Museums
＊＊ 于瑞珍 Yu, Jui-Chen
摘要
博物館擁有豐富的教學資源，尤其是科學博物館之於學校科學教育，多樣化的資源能夠補充課堂教學之不足，提升學生學習效果。本文嘗試藉由 Dale 的經驗塔理論，分析科學博物館所能提供的豐富經驗，爭取學校教師對博物館校外教學必要性的認同；其次，從科學博物館活動類型介紹，及其推廣探究式教學理念的實例二方面，提供教師們運用館內資源的思考方向；最後，對於學校團體到博物館從事校外教學所面臨的問題，加以探討，並從文獻中彙整出解決問題的對策。其中，最重要的莫過於博物館與學校間密切的聯繫，增進彼此的瞭解，讓教師們有機會充分利用博物館資源於教學之中。
關鍵字：校外教學、 Dale 的經驗塔、探究式學習、科學博物館
Abstract
In a science museum, an exhibition often combines various media such as pictures, text material, audio material, models, interactive devices, and films. It serves as an ideal environment to supplement science learning. The cone of experience developed by Dale (1969) was used in this paper to demonstrate what science museum can do for students' learning. Hopefully, schoolteachers would recognize the necessity of museum field trips and would be willing to make use of. Secondly, by introducing how a science museum applied the concept of inquiry-based learning in their science activities, this paper showed the characteristics of instructional resources provided by science museums and recommended some approaches to use them. Moreover, studies revealed some constraints that limited schoolteachers to plan and implement field trips to museums. These studies also provided suggestions and solutions for both museums and schools. Keeping effective communication between two institutes was recommended by most experts.
Keywords : Field trips, Dale's cone of experience, Inquiry-based learning, Science museums
符合 SCORM 適性化教材設計初探
—以高職「布林函數」課程為例
SCORM-Compliant Instructional Design for Adaptive Learning-A Case of Boolean Algebra Function at Vocational Senior High School Level
＊＊ 楊錦潭 Yang, Jin-Tan David
＊＊＊ 莊宛毓 Chuang, Wan-Yu
摘要
本文旨在探討如何設計一份符合 SCORM 2004 順序瀏覽規範（ Sequencing and Navigation ； SN ）的適性化教材，以設計高職「布林函數」課程單元之適性化教材為出發點，來達成學習者在 SCORM 2004 課程執行環境中進行適性化學習之目的。本文以「個別化教學」中的「個別處方教學」與「精熟教學」理論為教學策略之基礎，以設計適性化教材；本教材一方面對低學習成就者給予重複的練習，促成其擁有基礎的知識與技能；另一方面，讓對教材單元已達精熟程度的高學習成就者可直接進行下一單元之學習或給予補充教材，以擴大或提升學生學習效率或知識範圍。本文所發展之適性化教材製作流程的步驟有三：首先，選定主題為高職「布林函數」課程；其次，將其設計成符合 SCORM 2004 順序瀏覽之教案；最後，實作教材並製作為符合 SCORM 2004 的適性化教材包裹。因此，學習者可依其學習狀態得到適合其學習特質之教材。本文將教學理論實際運用於教材設計中，使教材具有「教」的情境，而不單只有「學」的意涵，因此結合教學理論與技術，探討教材製作之流程及要點，最後，本文亦對相關議題提出建議。
關鍵字： SCORM 2004 、個別化教學、適性化、教材設計
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore how to design a SCORM 2004-compliant instructional material for adaptive learning. Based on the goal of this paper, an adaptive teaching material on "Boolean primitive functions and operations" at senior high vocational school level has been designed, implemented, and delivered at SCORM 2004 Run Time Environment (RTE). The rationale of this study is derived from "Learning for Mastery" and "Instructional Prescribed Instruction". Essentially, interactions between learners and courses in SCORM 2004 Sequencing and Navigation (SN) are based on declarative rule-based operations in terms of presenting different navigation paths to different learning status. The processes of this paper follow three major steps: (a) Locating the topics on "Boolean primitive functions and operations"; (b) Designing SCORM 2004 SN-compliant instructional materials; and (c) Delivering content packages at SCORM 2004 RTE. The paper shows out the process of how to design adaptive teaching materials by adding SCORM 2004 SN rules into existing content packages. And then, those content packages can be delivered at SCORM 2004 RTE. Thus, the material is not only a teaching material, but also plays a role of a teacher. Finally, some implications for future study are also included.
Keywords : SCORM 2004, Individual instruction, Adaptive, Instructional material design
以 XOOPS 架構網路教學網站之設計與評析
The Design and Evaluation of Using XOOPS to Construct Instructional Websites
＊＊ 陳慶帆 Chen, Chin-Fan
＊＊＊ 梁曉慧 Liang, Xiao-Huei
＊＊＊ ＊ 林敏慧 Lin, Min-Huei
摘要
「 XOOPS 」是一種以延伸物件為導向的入口網站系統，應用新式的架站概念，讓使用者可依網站目的及需求之不同，在系統中變更或安裝不同的模組。本文主旨在探討以 XOOPS 動態物件導向模組來建置網路教學網站的設計與評析；為了檢視 XOOPS 模組可在教學應用上之優缺處，本文透過觀察國內網路學習環境的實際需求，並整理出目前網路教學管理系統的功能特性，與 XOOPS 模組可提供教學的輔助功能相互比較，最後作一綜合評鑑並提出 XOOPS 模組在教學應用上的相關建議。
關鍵字：網路教學、網路教學管理系統、教學網站、物件導向
Abstract
「 XOOPS 」 is a new style for constructing Websites, it is a eXtensible Object Oriented Portal System included the characteristic functions of e-learning management system. On the XOOPS, users can change various modules depending on the various demands and properties of their Websites. The purpose of this article is to discuss the Design and Evaluation of using dynamic object oriented module of XOOPS to build Instructional Websites. To survey and show the advantages and defects of applying the XOOPS modules on instruction, the authors observe the real requirements of learning environment in Taiwan and then conclude restrictions and situations of current e-learning management system. Finally this paper evaluate and compare these data with the functions supported by XOOPS, and propose some suggestions on designing and applying XOOPS modules on instruction.
Keywords : Web-based Instruction, E-learning management system, Instructional website, Object oriented
建構輔助志工督導電子績效支援系統之研究
—— 以臺北市政府社會局信義社會福利服務中心為例
A Study on Building an EPSS for Facilitating the Function of Voluntary Supervision
＊＊ 何俐安 Ho, Li-an
＊＊＊ 鄭慎毓 Cheng, Shen-yu
摘要
本研究之主要目的為設計並發展一套輔助臺北市政府社會局信義社會福利服務中心（以下簡稱「信義社福中心」）志工督導之電子績效支援系統，研究過程遵循 ISD 教學系統設計模式，經歷分析、設計、發展、評鑑四階段，先分析相關文獻、個案背景、使用者需求、環境資源與工作任務，依據分析結果設計本研究欲建構之系統功能架構，而後進行系統之發展，於雛形系統完成後，再進行使用者評鑑以了解系統之適用性或不足，作為系統修正之參考。本文分成四部份，說明研究背景與動機、研究方法、研究成果之系統功能與評鑑結果、以及研究結論。
關鍵詞：電子績效支援系統、志工管理與督導
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design and develop an electronic performance support system (EPSS) to facilitate the function of voluntary supervision. Based on the concept of knowledge management and with the aids of technology, the study aimed to: 1) analyze the major work tasks of the volunteer supervisor and find out the standard workflow, 2) provide methods and tools to facilitate the job performance of the volunteer supervisor based on his or her needs, 3) provide the strategies and means to accumulate the knowledge and experience of the organization, 4) provide the strategies and means to enhance the channels of communication and collaboration between the volunteer supervisor and the volunteers, and among volunteers. The instructional system design model, which contained analysis, design, development and evaluation, was adopted in the study to construct the new system. In this paper, the authors introduce the research background, research methods, final system functionality, evaluation results, and the conclusions made based on the findings of the study.
Keywords : Electric performance support systems, EPSS, Voluntary supervision
互動體感遊戲設計與應用—— 以國小學童為例
A Study of Interactive Physical Game Design for Elementary-School Students
＊＊ 劉大成 Liu, Da-Chen
＊＊＊ 梁朝雲 Liang, Chaucer Chaoyun
摘要
本研究從玩家、遊戲內容、遊戲裝置等三個面向分析目前體感遊戲的設計，將其發展成為體感遊戲的互動模式，並引導出各種身體活動。在體適能遊戲內容設計方面，本研究將其歸納為十一項設計原則。並根據此系列原則來開發系統雛形，確認其是否符合學童體適能活動需求。評估結果發現將體適能活動與體感遊戲概念的結合有助於提升學童體適能活動學習參與動機，改善學童體適能活動學習內容與實施環境，在互動裝置與遊戲設計方面，可供未來相關研究參酌。
關鍵詞：體感遊戲、遊戲設計、互動裝置、身體活動
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a physical game combining the concept of "physical game" together with pupils' body activities, and to integrate design principles to construct an interactive model for the game. Body activity is essential to maintain a healthy fitness. Insufficient body activity and exercise from sedentary life-style may increase the probability of illness. The methods adopted in this study include script planning, system construction, and system evaluation. The conclusions arrived in this study are analyzed as principles for the content design and serves to build up the interactive model of physical games. Furthermore, according to analysis from the evaluation, this study reached the following conclusions: (1) eleven principles for intrinsic of pupils' fitness activity participation are surveyed and concluded; (2) the content of learning fitness activity and environment are constructed; and (3) innovation interactive device and game designing are developed.
Keywords : Physical game, Game design, Interactive devices, Body activity |
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